Every entry summarises what the study set out to test, what it found and why it changes how we design delivery systems. Browse research and reviews or search the collection.
706 articles
Showing 1–24 of 55 articles · Keyword: T cells Clear keyword
Pinto Is, Cordeiro Ra, Faneca H
CAR T cell therapy is FDA/EMA-approved for B cell malignancies and multiple myeloma, but manufacturing relies on viral vectors—associated with safety concerns, high cost, and production challenges—or electroporation, which can be highly cytotoxic. Nanosystems may offer a safer, cost-effective alternative, but T cells…
Read the articleSydney R. Shannon, Elena Ben-Akiva, Jordan J. Green
Gene therapies are transforming treatment for many diseases, but clinical efficacy and safety depend on both the delivery material and the cargo. Non-viral delivery to immune cells remains especially challenging, and no clinical translation breakthrough has yet been achieved for non-viral gene editing. This…
Read the articleYingping Zeng, Sufen Li, Shufen Zhang, Li Wang, Hong Yuan, Fuqiang Hu
Cancer immunotherapy is limited by tumour heterogeneity, immune cell disability, immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment (TME), and systemic immune toxicity. Cell membrane-coated nanoparticles (CMCNs) offer a biomimetic delivery strategy that inherits source-cell functions—immune evasion, tumour targeting, and…
Read the articleTianqing Xin, Li Cheng, Chuchao Zhou, Yimeng Zhao, Zhenhua Hu, Xiaoyan Wu
CAR-T cell therapy has shown impressive success in haematological malignancies, but systemic toxicity (CRS, ICANS, on-target/off-tumour effects) and the complex, costly, individualized manufacturing process of autologous CAR-T cells hinder broader application. Universal allogeneic CAR-T cells have encountered safety…
Read the articleAnn E. Metzloff, Margaret M. Billingsley, Michael J. Mitchell
mRNA vaccines have entered global use, but delivering mRNA to T cells in vivo remains challenging because T cells are non-phagocytic, reside largely in lymphoid tissues, and intravenously administered lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) tend to accumulate in the liver. There is a need for precise, scalable strategies to…
Read the articleQin S, Tang X, Chen Y, Et Al.
mRNA therapeutics have fuelled hope to combat incurable diseases, but insufficient understanding of mRNA instability, immunogenicity, and delivery has impeded progress. The review argues that mRNA-based drugs—especially after the COVID-19 vaccine success—can become powerful, versatile tools, and that mRNA…
Read the articleLei W, Yang C, Wu Y, Ru G, He X, Tong X, Wang S.
Conventional chemotherapy suffers from poor targeting and severe side effects, while synthetic nanocarriers are often cleared by the immune system and lack precise tumour targeting. Cell membrane-coated nanocarriers (CMCNs) offer a biomimetic strategy to improve biocompatibility, immune evasion, circulation time, and…
Read the articleChuang St, Conklin B, Stein Jb, Pan G, Lee K-B.
Immunotherapy has improved outcomes in cancer and infectious disease, but off-target effects, systemic toxicities, and variable efficacy remain limiting. Nanoscale engineering offers ways to manipulate immune cell functions—enhancing immunity against cancers and pathogens, controlling the site of immune response, and…
Read the articleRandall A. Meyer, Sarah Y. Neshat, Jordan J. Green, Jose Luis Santos, And Anthony D. Tuesca
mRNA gene therapy has broad therapeutic potential (protein replacement, vaccines, regenerative medicine, oncology), but clinical translation is limited by inadequate understanding of how to target specific organs or cell types for protein expression. Reports on material properties and administration routes are…
Read the articlePaolo Morfino, Alberto Aimo, Vincenzo Castiglione, Carolina Galvez-Montón, Michele Emdin, Antoni Bayes-Genis
Cardiac fibrosis contributes to the pathogenesis of heart failure, myocardial infarction, and arrhythmias, but no primarily anti-fibrotic drug has been approved for cardiovascular disease. Many candidate anti-fibrotic strategies have shown promise in preclinical models yet failed to demonstrate clear clinical…
Read the articleKarmacharya P, Patil Br, Kim Jo
mRNA is an attractive platform for cancer immunotherapy, but its instability, susceptibility to RNase degradation, and inefficient endosomal escape limit therapeutic applications. Lipid-based nanocarriers are non-viral vectors that can protect mRNA, improve transfection, and deliver it to intracellular compartments…
Read the articleLe Tmd, Yoon A-R, Thambi T, Yun C-O
Cancer immunotherapy — especially immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), CAR-T cells, and oncolytic viruses (OVs) — has shown major clinical success but still faces low response rates, severe immune-related side effects, complex tumour microenvironment barriers, instability/short half-life of therapeutics, and high…
Read the articleFarough Marofi, Roza Motavalli, Vladimir A. Safonov, Lakshmi Thangavelu, Alexei Valerievich Yumashev, Markov Alexander, Navid Shomali, Max Stanley Chartrand, Yashwant Pathak, Mostafa Jarahian, Sepideh Izadi, Ali Hassanzadeh, Naghmeh Shirafkan, Safa Tahmasebi, Farhad Motavalli Khiavi
CAR T cell therapy has transformed treatment of hematologic malignancies, but its efficacy in solid tumours remains unsupported. Solid tumours present distinct barriers—antigen heterogeneity, poor T cell trafficking/infiltration, and an immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment (TME)—that limit CAR T cell function…
Read the articleRobert C. Sterner, Rosalie M. Sterner
CAR-T cell therapy has produced remarkable clinical responses in certain B cell leukemias and lymphomas, but major limitations remain—including life-threatening toxicities, limited efficacy in solid tumours, antigen escape, poor persistence/trafficking, and an immunosuppressive microenvironment. This review addresses…
Read the articleZhaoting Li, Yixin Wang, Yingyue Ding, Lauren Repp, Glen S. Kwon, Quanyin Hu
Immunotherapy has limited response rates and systemic side effects, and synthetic drug delivery systems can be immunogenic and toxic. Cell-based delivery systems—using endogenous cells as natural carriers—offer low immunogenicity, low toxicity, improved biocompatibility, active tissue targeting, and the ability to…
Read the articleElla S. Atsavapranee, Margaret M. Billingsley, Michael J. Mitchell
Adoptive T cell therapy has been revolutionized by genetic engineering, but viral transduction—the standard delivery method—has limitations including small cargo capacity, high immunogenicity, high manufacturing cost, and risks of genotoxicity/insertional mutagenesis. There is a need for improved non-viral delivery…
Read the articleRakan El-Mayta, Zijing Zhang, Alex G. Hamilton, Michael J. Mitchell
CAR T cell therapies have achieved clinical success but face limitations including restriction to autologous cell sources (to avoid HLA mismatch and GvHD), cumbersome manufacturing, high costs, and poor efficacy in solid tumours. NK cells have emerged as promising alternatives because they can kill cancer cells…
Read the articleSureshbabu Ram Kumar Pandian, Clayton Fernando Rencllin, Krishnan Sundar
Conventional cancer immunotherapies (checkpoint inhibitors, CAR T cells) are effective but expensive, cause adverse side effects, and face challenges in solid tumours. Nanomaterials offer advantages in delivery, diagnostics, and immune modulation, but a comprehensive understanding of how different nanomaterial types…
Read the articlePaula M. Cevaal, Abdalla Ali, Ewa Czuba-Wojnilowicz, Jori Symons, Sharon R. Lewin, Christina Cortez-Jugo, Frank Caruso
T cells are attractive targets for immunotherapy, cancer, HIV, autoimmunity, and inflammation, but nanoparticle delivery to T cells remains a major technological challenge due to their nonphagocytic nature and multiple physiological barriers. There is a need for rational design principles for in vivo T cell-targeting…
Read the articleArun R. K. Kumar, Yufeng Shou, Brian Chan, Krishna L., Andy Tay
This review examines how viral vectors, electroporation, microfluidic systems, nanoparticles and high-aspect-ratio nanostructures can improve the efficiency, viability and scalability of transfecting primary immune cells for applications such as CAR-T, CAR-NK and gene editing. It highlights the trade-offs between…
Read the articleChaudhary N, Weissman D, Whitehead Ka.
mRNA vaccines have progressed from a scepticism-inducing idea to clinical reality, with COVID-19 catalysing the fastest vaccine development in history. Remaining needs include optimising mRNA design, intracellular delivery, and applications beyond SARS-CoV-2 prophylaxis. This review describes mRNA vaccine…
Read the articleGong N, Sheppard Nc, Billingsley Mm, June Ch, Mitchell Mj.
T-cell-based immunotherapies have shown clinical success in B-cell malignancies, but broad implementation is limited by insufficient T-cell expansion, poor trafficking into solid tumours, T-cell exhaustion in hostile tumour microenvironments, and loss of target antigen expression. Nanomaterials may uniquely overcome…
Read the articleCancer immunotherapy has shown efficacy but is limited by serious adverse effects, nonspecific inflammation, and challenges in spatiotemporal control of immune responses. Nanomedicine and functionalised nanosystems offer programmable pharmacokinetics, co-delivery of immunomodulators, and targeted delivery…
Read the articleVenkatas J, Singh M.
Cervical cancer is immunologically relevant because retained high-risk HPV antigens can be recognised as foreign, making immunotherapy attractive. However, conventional immunotherapy is limited by variable efficacy, immune evasion, cytokine toxicity, and poor targeting. Nanomedicine may improve delivery, targeting…
Read the articleWe co-develop nanocarrier and biosensing programmes with pharma, biotech and academic groups — from target selection through scale-up.
