Papers, explained in our own words

49. Topical Vitamin D Analogs Beyond Psoriasis: Pharmacological Mechanisms, Cutaneous Drug Delivery, and Clinical Evidence

Laçej D, Pietrella A, Zoratto N, Lombardi M, Di Meo C, Matricardi P

Topical vitamin D analogs are well-established therapies for psoriasis, but their broader dermatologic potential increasingly depends not only on their biological activity but also on the ability of topical formulations to achieve effective and localized cutaneous delivery. This narrative review critically examines…

• calcipotriol
• calcitriol
• cutaneous delivery
• skin targeting
• tacalcitol
• topical drug delivery
• topical formulations
• vitamin D analogs

50. Gene Therapy for Osteoarthritis: Viral and Non-Viral Delivery Strategies

Zhang M, Mohess J, Cheung J, Du Q, Qiu J, Wang J

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent joint disease, which is pathologically characterized by articular cartilage degradation, chronic synovial inflammation, subchondral bone remodeling, and osteophyte formation. Patients with OA suffer from joint pain, deformity, and functional impairment. Current therapies…

• clinical trials
• gene therapy
• non-viral delivery
• osteoarthritis
• viral vectors

51. Self-Monitoring Theranostic Nanomaterials for Biomedical Imaging and Cancer Therapy: Real-Time Visualization of Biodistribution, Payload Release, and Therapeutic Response

Choi C, Seo D, Park J, Yu D, Song S, Yu S, Et Al.

Theranostic nanomedicines integrate therapeutic delivery with diagnostic imaging, but many conventional platforms primarily visualize nanocarrier localization and provide limited information on whether the therapeutic payload has been released, the intended treatment mechanism has been activated, or a meaningful…

• biomedical imaging
• cancer therapy
• payload release
• self-monitoring nanomaterials
• theranostic nanomedicine
• therapeutic response

52. CRISPR-based functional screening of noncoding regulatory elements

Roh H, Liau Bb

The vast majority of trait-associated genetic variants reside in noncoding cis-regulatory elements (CREs), yet most regulatory sequences remain functionally uncharacterized. CRISPR-based screens enable direct perturbation of CREs in their native genomic context and have expanded into a diverse toolkit, including…

53. From off-target to on-demand: Precision engineering and translational evaluation of next-generation base editors

Wang W, Song J, Du Y, Zhou C, Zuo X, You G, Et Al.

Due to the increasing demand for clinical gene therapy and the limitations of current treatment methods, there is an urgent need to develop gene-editing tools that are safer, more precise, and more clinically implementable. Deaminase-based base editors have emerged as gene-editing platforms with significant…

• Artificial intelligence
• Base editing
• Clinical translation
• Delivery
• Editing efficiency
• Editing precision
• Safety

54. Protein-nanostructure interactions in drug delivery systems: insights from molecular dynamics simulations

Yazdi Ss, Mohammadnejad J, Mehrnejad F

Protein-based therapeutics have become an important part of modern medicine, offering highly specific and effective treatments for a wide range of diseases and improving patients' quality of life compared with many conventional small-molecule drugs. Owing to their macromolecular nature, the successful administration…

• Molecular dynamics simulation
• Nanoparticle
• Protein therapeutics

55. miR-138-5p: From Multidimensional Tumor-Suppressive Regulatory Networks to Nanocarrier-Based Delivery for Solid Tumor Therapy

Leng T, Lv Y, Ha M, Zhu X, Jiang Y, Hu S, Et Al.

MicroRNA-138-5p (miR-138-5p) has been reported to exert tumor-suppressive effects in several solid tumors, and its downregulation has been associated with malignant progression, therapeutic resistance, and poor prognosis. This review summarizes research trends and current evidence on the molecular functions…

• Exosomes
• Nanocarrier-mediated delivery
• Tumor suppression
• ceRNA
• miR-138-5p

56. Harnessing the Potential of Phospholipids as Pharmaceutical Excipients: A Versatile Platform for Customized Drug Delivery Systems

Joseph At, Ravindran S

This review critically examines phospholipids as pharmaceutical excipients, focusing on physicochemical properties, self-assembly behavior, drug delivery applications, translational limitations, and future opportunities in customised therapeutics. Phospholipids have evolved from inert excipients into multifunctional…

• drug delivery systems
• liposomes and lipid nanoparticles
• oxidative stability
• personalized formulations
• phospholipids

57. Non-viral delivery and genome editing for CAR-NK engineering in solid tumors: from ex vivo manufacturing to in vivo reprogramming

Shen Y, Ye X, Shen S, Lv F

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered natural killer (NK) cell therapy has emerged as a promising immunotherapeutic strategy for cancer treatment, offering advantages over CAR-T cells such as a lower risk of cytokine release syndrome and graft-versus-host disease and the potential for off-the-shelf manufacturing.

58. Recent advances in CRISPR technologies for biomedical applications and disease treatment

Wu X, Kou X, Bai L, Liu C, Wu Q, Zhang M, Et Al.

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), a precise genome-editing platform, has revolutionized genetic engineering. The highly selective and programmable characteristics of CRISPR have enabled its broad application. Recent advances in CRISPR biotechnology have promoted its widespread use in…

• CRISPR
• biomedical research
• delivery system
• disease treatment
• genome editing

59. Lipid nanoparticles for precision nucleic acid delivery: linking cellular engineering to organ-specific targeting

Shin Y, Lee S, Nguyễn Ánh Nt, Chung M

Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) represent clinically validated non-viral platforms for nucleic acid delivery, yet expanding their application toward precision gene therapy demands more than efficient particle formulation or tissue accumulation. Functional delivery requires navigating a sequential biological cascade…

• Exvivo gene engineering
• Lipid nanoparticles
• Organ-specific targeting
• Precision nucleic acid delivery
• Translational delivery

60. Progress on therapeutic mRNA vaccines for cancer

Wu S, Liao H, Zhang W

Therapeutic mRNA vaccines are a clinically validated cancer immunotherapy platform using in vitro transcribed mRNA encoding tumor antigens to induce durable anti-tumor immunity. Advances in mRNA engineering, lipid nanoparticle (LNP) delivery, and immunomodulatory combinations have propelled this approach from…

• cancer immunotherapy
• combination therapy
• innate immune
• mRNA vaccine
• personalized vaccine
• tumor antigen

61. Navigating off-target effects in CRISPR-based genome editing for safer gene therapies

Bhardwaj A

Off-target activity remains a significant challenge in the clinical development of CRISPR-based therapies. As programmable nucleases advance from experimental tools toward approved medicines, the ability to predict, detect, and mitigate unintended genomic editing events has acquired direct translational importance.

• Base editing
• CRISPR-Cas systems
• Epigenome editing
• Gene therapy
• Genome editing
• Guide RNA design
• High-fidelity Cas9
• Off-target effects
• Prime editing
• Structural variation

62. siRNA therapeutics: from hepatic delivery to extrahepatic targeting

Wang N, Meng L, Shi Jx, Bartneck M

Small interfering RNA (siRNA) has progressed from an experimental gene-silencing tool to an established therapeutic modality through advances in chemical modification and delivery. Lipid nanoparticles (LNP) and N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)-siRNA conjugates have driven this clinical translation, particularly for…

• GalNAc
• RNA interference
• extrahepatic delivery
• lipid nanoparticles
• siRNA therapeutics
• systemic delivery

63. Advances in Extracellular Vesicle-Based Innovative Drugs Targeting Alzheimer's Disease

Liu S, Lu J, Liu J, Liu H, Liu Z, Yang D, Et Al.

The scarcity of effective therapies for Alzheimer's disease (AD) underscores the urgent need for innovative strategies. This review focuses on the targeted delivery of engineered small extracellular vesicles (sEVs, 30-150 nm). By capitalizing on their intrinsic properties as natural nanocarriers-including low…

• Alzheimer’s disease (AD)
• Blood-brain barrier (BBB)
• Extracellular vesicles (EVs)
• Intranasal delivery

64. Polymeric Nanomedicines for siRNA Delivery in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Emerging Therapeutic Strategies, Combination Approaches, and Translational Perspectives

Thalij Km, You Hw, Habeeb M, Ratchagar Jv, Khot Vs, Gorde Pl

Hepatocellular carcinoma is the sixth most common cancer worldwide and a leading cause of cancer related mortality. Risk factors include chronic hepatitis B/C, obesity, alcohol abuse, diabetes and metabolic disorders. In advanced stages, normal treatments such as surgery, transplantation and chemotherapy are not as…

• drug delivery
• hepatocellular carcinoma
• polymeric nanomedicines
• siRNA

65. Biomaterial-Based Drug Delivery Systems: Bridging Advances and Applications in Regenerative Medicine

Ansari I, Yadav S, Prajapati S

In regenerative medicine, biomaterial-based medication delivery systems are a gamechanger because they allow for the restoration of function and the healing of damaged tissues. This study aims to examine the potential of synthetic and natural biomaterials for the delivery of medications and the regeneration of…

• 3D printing technology
• Tissue regeneration
• biomaterials
• hydrogels
• regenerative medicine
• targeted drug delivery

66. Evolving skin cancer therapeutics: molecular and genetic drivers, immunotherapy challenges, and advances in nanogel-based nanomedicine

Aafreen S, Abdur Rehman S, Parvez Barbhuiya T, Rizg Wy, Alghamdi Ma, Md S, Et Al.

Skin cancer is among the most common malignancies worldwide, with a rising global incidence. Cancer develops through complex molecular and genetic changes. Current treatments, such as surgery, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, radiation, and immunotherapy, offer hope. However, challenges like immune evasion, drug…

• Skin cancer
• immunotherapy
• nanogels
• targeted therapy
• translational research

67. Magnetic nanorobots in oncology: From targeted drug delivery to smart theranostic systems

Liu X, Li C, Xu Z, Yan Y, Liu W, Li Y, Et Al.

This review focuses on the application of magnetic nanorobots (MNRs) in tumor therapy. We first introduce the MNR-mediated drug delivery strategy, which loads anti-tumor agents and actively targets tumor sites. Leveraging the unique physicochemical properties of their constituent materials, MNRs enable controlled…

• Cancer treatment
• Drug resistance
• Magnetic nanorobots
• Nanomaterials
• Tumor microenvironments

68. The Nanoparticle Delivery Gap in Immune Cell Engineering: From Uptake to Endosomal Escape

Gharatape A, Alikhanian A, Verdi J, Choonara Ye, Faridi-Majidi R

Although therapeutic opportunities beyond the scope of either field alone are offered by the combination of immune cell treatment and nanotechnology, a dominant nanoparticle design for immune-cell engineering has not been yielded by two decades of research. Here, it is contended that this lack of advancement is the…

• CAR-T
• clinical translation
• endosomal escape
• immune cell therapy
• lipid nanoparticles
• nanoparticles
• non-viral delivery

69. Targeted delivery platforms for in vivo immune cell engineering: emerging strategies for cancer immunotherapy

Rachamala Hk, Atla S, Angom Rs

Cancer immunotherapy is a transformative technology allowing for the elimination of malignant cells through immune system stimulation; however, the large-scale clinical application of adoptive cellular therapy technologies is limited due to difficulties in ex vivo immune cell engineering, high costs, and complicated…

• In vivo immune cell engineering
• cancer immunotherapy
• chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) therapy
• lipid nanoparticles
• mRNA therapeutics
• targeted delivery

70. Progress in polymeric nanoparticle-based treatment approaches for Wnt β-catenin pathway modulation and adenomatous polyposis coli mutant colorectal cancer

Maheshwari T, Bhattacharya S, Singh D

About 80-90% of sporadic instances of colorectal cancer (CRC) are caused by mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene, which is one of the earliest and most common molecular events. The constitutive activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway caused by APC dysfunction promotes unchecked cellular…

• Colorectal cancer (CRC)
• PLGA (poly lactic-co-glycolic acid)
• Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway
• adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene
• gene therapy (siRNA, CRISPR/Cas9)
• polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs)
• targeted drug delivery

71. Multi-target neuroprotective mechanisms of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) in stroke: from molecular pathways to nanomedicine delivery and clinical translation

Yuan Y, Xie C, Huang Y, Xi J, Wang P, Chen Z, Et Al.

Stroke ranks among the leading global causes of mortality and permanent disability. Its secondary brain injury arises from multiple interrelated pathological cascades, including oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, disrupted autophagy-apoptosis balance, excitotoxicity, iron dyshomeostasis, and blood-brain barrier…

• EGCG
• clinical translation
• nanotechnology
• neuroprotection
• stroke

72. Organelle-Targeted Nanocarriers for Cancer Therapy: Design Principles, Intracellular Trafficking, and Translational Barriers in Precision Drug Delivery

Zhang H, Guo J, Wang X, Shen Y, Yao Y, Ghadage Ss, Et Al.

The clinical translation of cancer nanomedicine remains constrained by inefficient intracellular delivery, poor subcellular specificity, and limited tumor accumulation, highlighting the need for more precise drug delivery strategies. Organelle-targeted nanocarriers have emerged as a promising platform for enhancing…

• cancer treatment
• endoplasmic reticulum
• golgi apparatus
• lysosome
• nano-drugs
• organelle-targeted mitochondrion therapy
• organelle-targeted nucleus therapy